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Kungani Amasistimu Kagesi Wezigaba Ezintathu Anganikeza Abavukuzi Inzuzo Yokuncintisana Nakuba Ukusebenza Kwe-ASIC Kwehla
Kusukela kwethulwa umvukuzi wokuqala we-ASIC ngo-2013, izimayini ze-Bitcoin zikhule kakhulu, nokusebenza kahle kukhuphuka kusuka ku-1,200 J/TH kuya ku-15 J/TH nje. Nakuba lezi zinzuzo beziqhutshwa ubuchwepheshe be-chip obuthuthukisiwe, manje sesifinyelele umkhawulo wama-semiconductors asekelwe ku-silicon. Njengoba ukusebenza kahle kuqhubeka nokuba ngcono, ukugxila kufanele kushintshele ekwandiseni ezinye izici zezimayini, ikakhulukazi izilungiselelo zamandla.
Emayini ye-Bitcoin, amandla ezigaba ezintathu asephenduke enye indlela engcono kumandla wesigaba esisodwa. Njengoba ama-ASIC engeziwe eklanyelwe amandla kagesi okufakwayo ezigaba ezintathu, ingqalasizinda yezimayini yesikhathi esizayo kufanele icabangele ukusebenzisa uhlelo oluhlanganisiwe lwezigaba ezintathu ze-480V, ikakhulukazi uma kubhekwa ukuvama nokwanda kwalo eNyakatho Melika.
Ukuze uqonde ukubaluleka kokunikezwa kwamandla ezigaba ezintathu lapho umba i-Bitcoin, kufanele uqale uqonde izinto eziyisisekelo zezinhlelo zamandla zesigaba esisodwa kanye nezigaba ezintathu.
Amandla esigaba esisodwa wuhlobo lwamandla olujwayeleke kakhulu olusetshenziswa ezindaweni zokuhlala. Iqukethe izintambo ezimbili: intambo yesigaba kanye nentambo engathathi hlangothi. Amandla kagesi ohlelweni lwesigaba esisodwa ashintshashintsha kuphethini ye-sinusoidal, amandla anikeziwe aphakama bese ehla aze afike kuziro kabili phakathi nomjikelezo ngamunye.
Zicabange uphusha umuntu emjikweni. Ngokusunduza ngakunye, ukushwibeka kubheke phambili, bese emuva, kufinyelele endaweni ephezulu kakhulu, bese yehlela endaweni ephansi kakhulu, bese uyaphusha futhi.
Njengama-oscillations, amasistimu wamandla esigaba esisodwa nawo anezikhathi zamandla aphezulu kanye neziro okukhiphayo. Lokhu kungaholela ekungasebenzini kahle, ikakhulukazi uma kudingeka ukunikezwa okuzinzile, nakuba ezicelweni zokuhlala ukungasebenzi kahle okunjalo kuncane. Kodwa-ke, ekufuneni izicelo zezimboni ezifana nezimayini ze-Bitcoin, lokhu kuba okubaluleke kakhulu.
Ugesi wezigaba ezintathu uvame ukusetshenziswa ezindaweni zezimboni nezohwebo. Iqukethe izintambo zezigaba ezintathu, ezihlinzeka ngogesi ozinzile futhi othembekile.
Ngokufanayo, usebenzisa isibonelo sokujikijela, ake sithi abantu abathathu baphusha ukushwiba, kodwa isikhawu sesikhathi phakathi kokusunduza ngakunye sihlukile. Umuntu oyedwa uphusha umjiko lapho iqala ukwehla ngemva kokuphusha kokuqala, omunye uwuphushele ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yendlela, kanti owesithathu uwuphusha ngezingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zendlela. Ngenxa yalokho, ukushwiba kuhamba ngokushelela nangokulinganayo ngoba kuhlale kuphushwa ema-engeli ahlukene, okuqinisekisa ukunyakaza okungaguquki.
Ngokufanayo, izinhlelo zamandla ezigaba ezintathu zihlinzeka ngokugeleza okuqhubekayo nokulinganisela kukagesi, ngaleyo ndlela kukhulise ukusebenza kahle nokuthembeka, okuwusizo ikakhulukazi kwizicelo ezifunwa kakhulu ezifana nezimayini ze-Bitcoin.
Izimayini ze-Bitcoin sezihambe ibanga elide kusukela ekuqaleni, futhi izidingo zikagesi zishintshe kakhulu phakathi neminyaka.
Ngaphambi kuka-2013, abavukuzi babesebenzisa ama-CPU kanye nama-GPU ukumba i-Bitcoin. Njengoba inethiwekhi ye-Bitcoin ikhula futhi ukuncintisana kwanda, ukuvela kwabavukuzi be-ASIC (i-application-specific integrated circuit) kwawushintsha ngempela umdlalo. Lawa madivayisi aklanyelwe ngokukhethekile izimayini ze-Bitcoin futhi anikeza ukusebenza kahle nokusebenza okungenakuqhathaniswa. Kodwa-ke, le mishini idla amandla amaningi nangaphezulu, idinga ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo zokuphakela amandla.
Ngo-2016, imishini yezimayini enamandla kakhulu yayinesivinini se-computing esingu-13 TH/s futhi yadla cishe ama-watts angu-1,300. Nakuba ukumbiwa kwezimayini ngale rig kwakungaphumeleli ngokwedlulele ngokwezindinganiso zanamuhla, kwakunenzuzo ngaleso sikhathi ngenxa yokuncintisana okuphansi kwenethiwekhi. Kodwa-ke, ukuze benze inzuzo ehloniphekile endaweni yanamuhla yokuncintisana, abavukuzi bezikhungo manje bathembele emishinini yezimayini edla cishe ama-watts angu-3,510 kagesi.
Njengoba izimfuneko ze-ASIC zamandla nokusebenza kahle kwemisebenzi yezimayini esebenza kahle kakhulu ziqhubeka nokwanda, ukulinganiselwa kwezinhlelo zamandla zesigaba esisodwa kuba sobala. Ukuthuthela emandleni ezigaba ezintathu kuba yisinyathelo esiphusile sokuhlangabezana nezidingo zamandla ezikhulayo zemboni.
I-480V yezigaba ezintathu sekuyisikhathi eside iyindinganiso kuzilungiselelo zezimboni eNyakatho Melika, eNingizimu Melika, nakwezinye izindawo. Yamukelwa kabanzi ngenxa yezinzuzo zayo eziningi mayelana nokusebenza kahle, ukonga izindleko, kanye nokwanda. Ukuzinza nokuthembeka kwezigaba ezintathu zamandla we-480V kuyenza ilungele ukusebenza okudinga isikhathi esiphezulu nokusebenza kahle kwemikhumbi, ikakhulukazi emhlabeni oncipha ngohhafu.
Enye yezinzuzo eziyinhloko zikagesi wezigaba ezintathu yikhono lawo lokunikeza amandla aphezulu aphezulu, ngaleyo ndlela kuncishiswe ukulahlekelwa kwamandla nokuqinisekisa ukuthi imishini yezimayini isebenza ngokusebenza kahle.
Ukwengeza, ukuqaliswa kwesistimu yokuphakelwa kukagesi yezigaba ezintathu kungaholela ekongeni okukhulu ezindlekweni zengqalasizinda kagesi. Ama-transformer ambalwa, izintambo ezincane, nesidingo esincishisiwe semishini yokusimamisa i-voltage kusiza ukwehlisa izindleko zokufakwa nokulungisa.
Isibonelo, ku-208V wezigaba ezintathu, umthwalo ongu-17.3kW uzodinga ama-amps angu-48 wamanje. Kodwa-ke, uma inikwa amandla umthombo we-480V, ukudonsa kwamanje kwehlela kuma-amps angama-24 kuphela. Ukusika i-current ngesigamu akugcini nje ukunciphisa ukulahlekelwa kwamandla, kodwa futhi kunciphisa isidingo sezintambo ezinkulu, ezibiza kakhulu.
Njengoba imisebenzi yezimayini ikhula, ikhono lokukhulisa kalula umthamo ngaphandle kwezinguquko ezibalulekile kwingqalasizinda yamandla libalulekile. Amasistimu nezingxenye eziklanyelwe amandla angu-480V wezigaba ezintathu zinikeza ukutholakala okuphezulu, okuvumela abavukuzi ukuthi balinganise imisebenzi yabo kahle.
Njengoba imboni yezimayini ye-Bitcoin ikhula, kunomkhuba ocacile wokuthuthukisa ama-ASIC amaningi ahambisana nendinganiso yezigaba ezintathu. Ukuklama izikhungo zezimayini ezinezigaba ezintathu zokucushwa kwe-480V akuxazululi kuphela inkinga yamanje yokungasebenzi, kodwa futhi kuqinisekisa ukuthi ingqalasizinda inobufakazi besikhathi esizayo. Lokhu kuvumela abavukuzi ukuthi bahlanganise ngaphandle komthungo ubuchwepheshe obusha okungenzeka ukuthi buklanywe kucatshangwa ngokuhambisana kwamandla ezigaba ezintathu.
Njengoba kuboniswe kuthebula elingezansi, ukupholisa ukucwiliswa kanye nokupholisa amanzi kuyizindlela ezinhle kakhulu zokukala izimayini ze-Bitcoin ukuze kuzuzwe ukusebenza okuphezulu kwe-hashing. Kodwa-ke, ukusekela amandla ekhompuyutha aphezulu kangako, ukunikezwa kwamandla kwezigaba ezintathu kufanele kumiswe ukuze kugcinwe izinga elifanayo lokonga amandla. Ngamafuphi, lokhu kuzoholela enzuzweni ephezulu yokusebenza ngephesenti elifanayo lemajini.
Ukushintshela ohlelweni lwamandla olunezigaba ezintathu kudinga ukuhlela ngokucophelela nokusebenzisa. Ngezansi izinyathelo eziyisisekelo zokuqalisa amandla ezigaba ezintathu ekusebenzeni kwakho kwezimayini ze-Bitcoin.
Isinyathelo sokuqala sokuqalisa uhlelo lwamandla oluyizigaba ezintathu ukuhlola izidingo zamandla okusebenza kwakho kwezimayini. Lokhu kuhilela ukubala inani eliphelele lamandla asetshenziswayo azo zonke izinto zokusebenza zezimayini kanye nokunquma umthamo ofanele wesistimu yamandla.
Ukuthuthukisa ingqalasizinda yakho kagesi ukuze usekele isistimu yamandla ezigaba ezintathu kungase kudinge ukuthi ufake ama-transformer amasha, izintambo, nama-circuit breaker. Kubalulekile ukusebenza nomuntu osebenza ngogesi oqeqeshiwe ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi ukufakwa kuhlangabezana nezindinganiso nemithetho zokuphepha.
Abavukuzi abaningi besimanje be-ASIC baklanyelwe ukusebenza ngamandla ezigaba ezintathu. Kodwa-ke, amamodeli amadala angadinga ukuguqulwa noma ukusetshenziswa kwezinto zokuguqula amandla. Ukusetha umshini wakho wokumba ukuze usebenze ngamandla ezigaba ezintathu kuyisinyathelo esibalulekile sokuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu.
Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza okungaphazamiseki kokusebenza kwezimayini, kubalulekile ukusebenzisa izinhlelo zokusekela nokuhlehlisa kabusha. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukufakwa kwamajeneretha ayisipele, izinsiza zikagesi ezingaphazamiseki, namasekhethi ekhophi yasenqolobaneni ukuze kuvikelwe ekunqamukeni kukagesi nokuhluleka kwemishini.
Uma uhlelo lwamandla oluyizigaba ezintathu selusebenza, ukuqapha okuqhubekayo nokugcinwa kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza kahle. Ukuhlola okuvamile, ukulinganiswa komthwalo, nokugcinwa kokuvimbela kungasiza ekuhlonzeni nasekuxazululeni izinkinga ezingaba khona ngaphambi kokuba zithinte imisebenzi.
Ikusasa lezimayini zeBitcoin lisekusetshenzisweni kahle kwezinsiza zikagesi. Njengoba intuthuko kubuchwepheshe bokucubungula ama-chip ifinyelela umkhawulo wayo, ukunaka izilungiselelo zamandla kuya ngokuya kubaluleke kakhulu. Amandla ezigaba ezintathu, ikakhulukazi izinhlelo ze-480V, anikeza izinzuzo eziningi ezingaguqula ukusebenza kwezimayini ze-Bitcoin.
Izigaba ezintathu zamandla kagesi zingahlangabezana nezidingo ezikhulayo zemboni yezimayini ngokuhlinzeka ngokuminyana kwamandla aphezulu, ukusebenza kahle okuthuthukisiwe, izindleko eziphansi zengqalasizinda, kanye nokwanda. Ukusebenzisa uhlelo olunjalo kudinga ukuhlela ngokucophelela nokusebenzisa, kodwa izinzuzo zizidlula kude izinselele.
Njengoba imboni yezimayini ye-Bitcoin iqhubeka nokukhula, ukwamukelwa kwamandla kagesi wezigaba ezintathu kungavula indlela yokusebenza okuzinzile nenenzuzo. Njengoba kunengqalasizinda efanele endaweni, abavukuzi bangasebenzisa amandla aphelele emishini yabo futhi bahlale bengabaholi emhlabeni wokuncintisana wezimayini zeBitcoin.
Lokhu okuthunyelwe kwezivakashi nguChristian Lucas we-Bitdeer Strategy. Imibono eveziweyo ingeyakhe kuphela futhi ayibonisi imibono ye-BTC Inc noma i-Bitcoin Magazine.